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1. Expansion joints
Expansion joints, also known as compensators, feature a flexible design that includes one or more bellows (elastic components), connectors, supports, flanges, conduits, and other accessories. Installed on vessel shells or pipelines, these structures aim to alleviate additional stresses resulting from temperature variations and mechanical vibrations. By efficiently expanding and contracting the bellows, they compensate for dimensional changes in pipelines, conduits, and vessels due to thermal expansion and contraction. Additionally, they adjust for axial, lateral, and angular displacements, providing a solution for noise and vibration reduction in heating supply systems.
To prevent heating pipelines from deformation or damage caused by thermal expansion and temperature stress, compensators are essential. By accommodating thermal expansion in pipelines, they minimize stress on pipeline walls and reduce forces acting on valves or support structures.
Owing to their elastic nature and ability to expand and contract freely, expansion joints offer reliable operation, excellent performance, and a compact structure. As a result, they are widely employed in various industries, including chemical engineering, metallurgy, and nuclear energy. The U-shaped expansion joint is the most commonly used vessel expansion joint, followed by Ω-shaped and C-shaped joints. Pipeline expansion joints are classified based on structural compensation, such as universal, pressure balanced, hinged, and gimbal expansion joints.
| Main Item | Classification | Description |
Metal Expansion Joint | Elbow Expansion Joint | Tension bends, where pipes are shaped into a U-shape or other configurations, function as a type of expansion joint that harnesses the elastic deformation properties of the shape to compensate for dimensional changes. Their benefits lie in excellent strength, long service life, and the ability to be produced on-site. However, they can be space-consuming, require higher steel consumption, and possess higher friction resistance. Despite these drawbacks, tension bends are widely utilized in various steam piping and long pipeline systems. |
Bellows Expansion Joint
| A bellows expansion joint, crafted from metal bellows, offers both axial expansion and contraction along the pipeline, as well as limited bending capabilities. To safeguard against exceeding the permissible compensation limit, protective rods or rings are fitted at both ends of the bellows, while guide supports are installed on the connected pipelines' extremities. Furthermore, angular and lateral expansion joints are available to compensate for rotational and lateral deformations in pipelines. The benefits of these expansion joints include space efficiency, material conservation, ease of standardization, and mass production capabilities. However, a relatively shorter lifespan is a disadvantage. Typically, bellows expansion joints are employed in short pipelines with low temperatures and pressures. Nonetheless, with advancements in bellows production technology, the scope of applications for this type of expansion joint is broadening. Currently, bellows expansion joints can be utilized in pipe systems with a maximum pressure of 6.0 MPa. | |
Slip-Type Expansion Joint | The slip-type expansion joint is a versatile device that utilizes inner and outer sleeves capable of relative axial movement to compensate for thermal expansion and axial rotation in pipelines. The space between the sleeves is sealed with stuffing box, ensuring that both ends of the pipes move on the same axis during operation. The key components of this expansion joint include sleeves (core tubes), shells, and sealing materials. It is designed to handle hot water, steam, and grease media, offering a small volume with a large compensation amount. The inner sleeve slides against the outer sleeve to compensate for thermal expansion, while maintaining a high-performance self-sealing dynamic seal. The seal between the shell and inner sleeve employs a new synthetic material that can withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion and aging. This material has a temperature range of -40 to 150 degrees Celsius, and can reach up to 350 degrees Celsius under special conditions. This ensures not only axial sliding but also prevents leakage of the medium inside the pipe. Overall, the slip-type expansion joint provides a reliable and efficient solution for compensating thermal expansion and axial rotation in pipelines, while maintaining a secure seal and extending the lifespan of the system. | |
Non-metallic Expansion Joint | Rubber Expansion Joint | Composed of rubber and rubber-fiber composite materials, steel flanges, sleeves, and insulation materials, it is mainly used for flexible connections between various fans and ducts. Its functions include shock absorption, noise reduction, sealing, medium resistance, easy displacement and installation. It is an ideal accessory for shock absorption, noise reduction, smoke and dust removal in the field of environmental protection. |
Fabric Expansion Joint | The fabric expansion joint is mainly made of fiber fabric, rubber, and other high temperature resistant materials. It can compensate for the vibration and deformation of fans and ducts.Fabric expansion joints can compensate for axial, lateral, and angular products, with features such as no thrust, simplified support design, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, noise reduction, vibration reduction,and others.It is particularly suitable for hot blast pipes and smoke and dust pipeline of power plant.The non-metallic compensator's fiber fabric and insulation cotton itself have the functions of sound absorption and vibration isolation, therefore they can effectively reducing the noise and vibration of boiler, fan, and other systems. Simple structure, light weight, and easy maintenance. |
Super Austenitic Stainless Steel:254SMO,904L,AL6XN
Duplex Stainless Steel :2205 Dual phase steel (S31803)
Nickel Based Alloy Steel:INCOLOY800/800H/800HT/840/825,INCONEL600/601/690/625/X-750
Hastelloy Alloy C-276/C-22/X,MONEL400/K500
Pure Nickel:N4,N6(Ni200,Ni201)
Titanium Plate For Stamping:GR1,GR2,TA1,TA2
Austenitic Stainless Steel:SUS304,SUS304L,SUS316,SUS316L,SUS310S,SUS321,SUS316Ti
2. Non-metallic Expansion joints
Non-metallic compensators can be divided into the following types: straight cylindrical non-metallic expansion joints, compound non-metallic expansion joints, angular non-metallic expansion joints, and square non-metallic expansion joints.
Rectangular non-metallic compensators are mainly used in flue ducts of power plants to absorb thermal displacement and/or shock absorption. The connection types for rectangular non-metallic compensators include flange connection and nozzle connection.
Compensating segment length(h/m)
| 100 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 450 | 500 | 550 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 800 | 900 | |
Compensation volume(nm)
| Axial displacement (x/m) | -30 | -50 | -75 | -85 | -105 | -125 | -130 | -140 | -165 | -175 | -195 | -205 | -225 | -240 |
| +15 | +20 | +30 | +36 | +45 | +45 | +50 | +55 | +58 | +62 | +66 | +70 | +74 | +80 | ||
Lateral displacement (y/m) | ±10 | ±15 | ±25 | ±30 | ±45 | ±50 | ±60 | ±68 | ±7o | ±73 | ±75 | ±80 | ±85 | ±90 | |
Working Temperature (t°C) | a=100-200,b=200-300,c=300-450,d=450-500,e=500-600,f=600-700,g=700-1000 | ||||||||||||||
Working pressure P(Kpa) | ±10~±300,if the user requires, the pressure beyond the range, can be designed separately. | ||||||||||||||
Flow rate | a——b | v=8——15 | |||||||||||||
| c——d | v=8——20 | ||||||||||||||
Gas turbine exhaust duct
Desulfurization system
Flue ducts and exhaust systems of various industries
Coal-fired boilers, circulating sulfurized bed boilers
Flue ducts of waste heat boilers
3. Round Non-metallic Compensator/Expansion Joint
Circular Non-metallic Compensator/Expansion Joint has the following main characteristics:
Compensation for Thermal Expansion: It can compensate in multiple directions, greatly surpassing metal compensators that can only provide single-axis compensation.
Compensation for Mounting Error: Due to inevitable system errors during pipeline connections, fiber compensators effectively eliminate misalignment.
Noise Reduction and Vibration Isolation: Fiber fabric and insulation cotton inherently possess sound absorption and vibration isolation functions, effectively reducing noise and vibration in systems such as boilers and fans.
No Reverse Thrust: As the main material is fiber fabric, there is no transmission of force. The use of fiber compensators simplifies design, avoids the need for large supports, and saves mass materials and labor.
Excellent High-Temperature and Corrosion Resistance: Fluoroplastics and silicone materials selected have excellent high-temperature and corrosion resistance.
Good Sealing Performance: With a relatively complete production and assembly system, fiber compensators ensure no leakage.
Lightweight, Simple Structure, Convenient Installation and Maintenance.
Lower Price Compared to Metal Compensators, Better Quality than Imported Products: The price is 1/2 to 1/5 of imported products, with good damping effects.
Good Sealing Performance: Utilizes large flanges without gaskets, reducing costs and ensuring direct installation.
Long Service Life.
