Westinghouse Modules 1C-,5X- Emerson VE-,KJ-
Honeywell TC-,TK- Fanuc motor A0-
Rosemount transmitter 3051- Yokogawa transmitter EJA-
The basis of successful motor learning is a good notion of
movement. When it comes to beginners, the notion of movement is
vague, incomplete, sometimes even wrong and not in harmony with the
real dynamic and temporal parameters of movement technique. A
correct notion is formed on the basis of the instructor's
explanation and demonstration. By means of visual and verbal
information, a beginner can easily form a basic notion of movement
and enhance it by the already existing motor programmes stored in
his motor memory. In the ideomotor method, movement is performed
inside one's mind, which makes it an example of mental learning.
Only the motor cortex is activated and is responsible for the
planning of motor structures. The athlete "executes" the movement
technique in his mind, particularly the key elements of the
technique. This method may be used in different situations. In the
concentration phase, the athlete may take a mental leap and
seemingly perform certain movement phases. The ideomotor method may
help consolidate the movement pattern, as the number of imaginary
repetitions is greater than the real movement frequency. Thus, the
movement pattern consolidates because the memory traces before the
next repetition are fresher and stronger. This method is highly
effective, even when the athlete is injured, does not train and
cannot execute the movement technique. Ideomotor training may help
the athlete to concentrate on the crucial moments of his
performance. An athlete should be capable of "getting rid" of
stress and competitive pressure and should prepare himself for the
decisive moments of a competition.
During the phase of automated and highly adaptable movement, when
the athlete is able to execute optimal technique in changeable
circumstances, the iterative method (Latin iteratio from iterum –
repetition, doing anew) is one of the most common exercise methods.
It involves repetition of a movement in a series over a period of
short intervals. Each execution leaves a trace in the motor memory
and paves the way for another trace. The effect of this method
depends on the degree of technique automation, the athlete's motor
abilities, movement complexity, the number of repetitions,
concentration and mo- 58 M. ČOH, D. JOVANOVIĆ-GOLUBOVIĆ, M. BRATIĆ
tivation. When applying this method attention has to be paid to the
correct technical execution of movement, otherwise the incorrect
movements will become automated. The method is all the more
successful when the movements are most similar to competitive
technique elements. In the repetition process, breaks between the
repetitions are highly important. If a break is too short, it can
lead to mental and physical exhaustion or the learner might start
getting tired of that exercise. The pitfall of using this method is
that it primarily activates the left hemisphere of the brain, which
inhibits motivation and creativity. During this phase, feedback
information about the correct execution of a motor task is of great
importance. The instructor has to present the learner with as much
criteria as possible so that the latter may evaluate his own
performance independently. The control of movement is thus
transferred from the instructor to the learner, where the latter
develops a subtle feeling for execution accuracy. At this level,
and by using this method, the instructor leaves the control of
movement technique to the athlete, who has to rely on his inner
feelings and feedback information. Of course it is recommendable
that the athlete compares his inner feelings with an objective
recording of the technique e.g. video recording. The instructor's
intervention in this phase is only necessary when serious errors in
movement are identified. Errors may occur unexpectedly, owing to
fatigue, lack of concentration, a hidden injury or the athlete's
getting tired of training. This is why the instructor has to have
professional knowledge, practical experience and the ability to
analyse movement, while at the same time giving the athlete the
right information at the right time and in the right place.
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