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Cotton: From Field to Fabric(Chapter 1)

Crop Production

The Cotton Belt spans the southern half of the Unites States, from Virginia to California. Cotton is grown in17

states and is a major crop in 14. Its growing season of approximately 150 to 180 days is the longest of any

annually planted crop in the country. Since there is much variation in climate and soil, production practices

differ from region to region. In the western states, for example, nearly the entire crop is irrigated. Planting

begins in February in south Texas and as late as June in northern areas of the Cotton Belt. Land preparation

actually starts in the fall, shortly after harvest. Stalks from the old crop are shredded to reduce food supplies

for overwintering pests. Usually, this residue is left on the surface to protect the soil from erosion. The use of

heavy mechanical harvesters compacts the soil, sometimes requiring tillage to loosen the soil for the next

crop’s roots.

Planting

Planting is accomplished with 6, 8, 10 or 12-row precision planters that place the seed at a uniform depth and

interval. Young cotton seedlings emerge from the soil within a week or two after planting, depending on

temperature and moisture conditions. Squares, or flower buds, form a month to six weeks later and creamy to

dark yellow blossoms appear in another three weeks. Pollen from the flower’s stamen is carried to the stigma,

thus pollinating the ovary. Over the next three days, the blossoms gradually turn pink and then dark red before

falling off, leaving the tiny fertile ovary attached to the plant. It ripens and enlarges into a pod called a cotton

boll. Individual cells on the surface of seeds start to elongate the day the red flower falls off (abscission),

reaching a final length of over one inch during the first month after abscission. The fibers thicken for the next

month, forming a hollow cotton fiber inside the watery boll. Bolls open 50 to 70 days after bloom, letting air in

to dry the white, clean fiber and fluff it for harvest.

Weed Control

Cotton grows slowly in the spring and can be shaded out easily by weeds. If weeds begin to overpower the

seedling cotton, drastic reductions in yield can result. Later in the season, cotton leaves fully shade the ground

and suppress mid-to-late season weeds. For these reasons, weed control is focused on providing a 6 to 8-

week weed-free period directly following planting. Producers employ close cultivation and planters that place

the cottonseed deep into moist soil, leaving weed seeds in high and dry soil. Herbicides or cultivation controls

weeds between the rows.

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Will be continued in the next chapter.

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