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The history and present situation of Chinese violin making
Blues • March 13, 2021 PM2 :39 • Knowledge popularization • Reading
319
In 2017, the International Violin Masters Association held its
general assembly in Beijing. It was the first time that the
international violin-making authority, which has been established
in Europe for 60 years, convened its general assembly in Asia. The
association's leadership has been flirting with the idea of
visiting China since 2000, but there has been resistance within the
association that China is a non-traditional violin-making country.
After years of efforts, the Chinese delegation finally defeated the
rival Toronto city of Canada at the 2015 General Meeting in
Stockholm, Switzerland, and voted to hold the general meeting in
Beijing, China in 2017. This conference can be held in Beijing,
itself shows that China's violin production in the field of
international violin made an important position, is also an
opportunity to show the world China's violin production level.
SiTuMengYan
SiTuMengYan
During the conference, I introduced the history and current
situation of Chinese violin, held an exhibition of excellent works
of Chinese violin makers, and held a master lecture by four
international violin makers for members of China Violin Makers
Association. After the conference, I also organized a tour to Xi
'an. Many of the 61 delegates and 38 wives who attended the
conference were visiting China for the first time, and were
impressed by the trip, forging strong friendships with Chinese
violin-makers. At present, there are 8 Chinese members in the
Master association. We believe that with the development of China's
violin making industry, more and more Chinese violin makers will
join this international family.
This article is my presentation of the Chinese violin production in
this conference. Since the report is mainly about slides and oral
introduction, and the text is relatively simple, I hope that
through this report, everyone can have an understanding of the
history and current situation of Chinese violin making.
1. Pioneers of Chinese violin making
There were European missionaries and merchants in China during the
Yuan Dynasty, the most famous of which was Marco Polo. One story is
that he brought the violin to China, but Marco Polo came to China
in the 13th century, before the violin was invented. There is also
a legend that The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci dedicated a
violin to the Empress Dowager, but Matteo Ricci was in China
between 1582 and 1610, more than 200 years after his death and the
empress Dowager was born. There are many theories, but it may be
true that the violin and western music came to China with Western
missionaries and traders.
I have always heard that there is a violin in the Palace Museum in
Beijing, and some people say that they once saw a viola in the
collection catalog of the Palace Museum. I have always wanted to
see if it is a Stradivarius, but I have not found the opportunity
so far.
China's violin making history is much later than the European and
American countries, about only nearly 100 years of history.
According to existing information, the earliest violin-making
person in China should be an engineer named Situ Mengyan
(1888-1954). When he was young, he went to Boston to study in the
United States, majoring in shipbuilding. He was a music lover and
played the erhu. When he arrived in America, he learned to play the
violin from JURgen Gruenberg. As an engineer, he was clever, so he
started thinking about making his own violin.
Once, while he was working on his instrument, one of the men
standing behind him for a long time was the polish jewish violinist
WalterSalon Goss. After they met, Stuymanian began to learn how to
make a violin from Gauss. He was probably the first Chinese to
learn how to make a violin. In 1915, Situ Mengyan returned to China
from the United States and became the chief engineer of Jiangnan
Shipyard, but he also made more than 10 violins. This time, Taiwan
Chi Mei Museum brought a violin made by him for everyone to see,
which is really a rare opportunity.
Another early Chinese violinist, Wang Mei (1907-1994), was a middle
school teacher in Qingdao. Wang mei loved playing the qin and
joined an amateur symphony orchestra in Qingdao in the early 1930s.
The symphony orchestra has about 30 members, many of whom are
foreign nationals in Qingdao. At that time, Wang Mei was using an
old and poor quality violin, which was despised in the orchestra,
so she decided to make her own violin. Wang Mei made his first
violin in 1935 and is considered to be one of the earliest
violin-makers in China. After the liberation of China in 1949, he
was transferred to Beijing People's Art Theater and founded China's
first professional musical instrument factory, the New China
Musical Instrument Factory.
Wang Mei
Wang Mei
The true founder of China's violin making is Mr. Tan Shuzhen
(1907-2002), vice president of Shanghai Conservatory of Music. He
is a violinist, educator and violin making lover. Professor Tan has
read many books on violin making and has a rich knowledge in the
field of violin making.
In 1956, Tan Shuzhen set up the institute of Musical Instruments at
Shanghai Conservatory of Music. In 1958, he held a violin making
workshop, recruiting 15 skilled craftsmen from all over the country
to learn how to make violins. Many of these students went on to
become important Chinese violin-makers, the technical backbone of
violin-making enterprises across the country. Important Chinese
violin makers such as Zhu Xiangjiao and Ye Baorong from Shanghai,
Xu Fu, Chen Jinnong and He Guangji from Guangzhou, and Dai
Hongxiang from Beijing were once students of this class. In 1978
and 1979, Tan Shuzhen enrolled two groups of eight undergraduates
in Shanghai Conservatory of Music, setting a precedent for
undergraduate education in violin making in China. Today, professor
Hua Tianren from Shanghai Conservatory of Music is a disciple of
Mr. Tan.
Tan to express their true
Tan to express their true
In Guangzhou, there is a master Liang Guohui began to study violin
production in the 1950s. In 1956, he began to work as a senior
violin technologist in the Research institute of Guangzhou Musical
Instrument Industry Company. His students Zhu Mingjiang, Lin Hyde
and Cao Shukun are all famous violin makers.
2. The emergence and development of China's violin production
enterprises
From 1958 to 1965, large state-owned violin factories were
established in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Yingkou in
northeast China, with a size of 200-400 people. Production of the
violin in addition to the domestic market also has a small export.
When the cultural revolution began in 1966, schools closed and most
students had to jump the queue in the countryside. But students who
can play the violin can avoid going to the countryside and stay in
the cities by joining propaganda teams and art troups, so many
students start to learn to play the violin. At that time, the
supply of violins was in short supply. Many factories that produced
furniture, radio casings and sewing machine tables were converted
to producing violins. There were more than 60 factories in the
country making violins, but they still could not meet the market
demand. At that time, you had to queue up at the instrument store
overnight to buy a violin, so the quality of the violin produced
was predictable.
When the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, all the schools began
to recruit students again, and the demand for violins was greatly
reduced. Many violin factories closed or changed production, and
only a few large state-owned violin factories survived. In 1979,
China began the comprehensive reform and opening up, opening up the
trade with foreign countries, Chinese violin began to be exported
to all parts of the world. Because foreign trade profit is
relatively high, China is in urgent need of foreign exchange, the
country encourages foreign exchange earning enterprises export
products, violin factory products again faced with short supply
situation. Since 1993, the state-owned collective enterprises
mainly violin industrial production pattern has undergone major
changes, many social enterprises, private enterprises benefit from
the state support policies, and state-owned violin factory to
compete and gain advantages, state-run violin factory gradually
shrinking, closed.
A typical violin production enterprise, such as Jiangsu Xiqiao
Communal musical instrument Factory was restructed into Taixing
Fengling Musical Instrument Co., Ltd. in 2000. In 2004, the annual
production of violin reached 269,000, accounting for 38.2% of the
national production of violin, violin production reached the first
place in the world. In 2006, the production reached 350,000,
accounting for 50% of the national violin output and 30% of the
world violin output. More than 80% of the products were exported
and sold to more than 20 countries around the world. Beijing
Huadong Musical Instrument Co., Ltd. also seized the opportunity of
development and became the base of China's violin industry, with
the industrial scale ranking the second in China.
China's violin production has been growing at double-digit rates
for two decades, reaching an annual growth rate of 35 percent
between 2004 and 2006. The annual output will reach about 1 million
by 2010. After 2010, China's violin production slowed down the
speed of development and entered the stage of rectification and
adjustment. The growth rate declined year by year. In 2012, there
was a significant decrease (about 10%), and the export showed
negative growth. In 2015, the statistics of production of 900,000
violin, export about 700,000-750,000.
Main exports of Bowstring instruments in China in 2015
As can be seen from the above table, although the number of violins
exported by China has a downward trend, the amount of violins
exported has a rising trend, which indicates that China's violins
are adjusting their market positioning, gradually shifting from
manufacturing the lowest end products in large quantities to medium
and high-grade violins. From the feedback information of the
international violin community, it is also generally believed that
the quality of Chinese violin has been significantly improved.
With the development of China's economy and the general increase of
the income of ordinary people, more and more Chinese children begin
to learn violin, forming a huge demand market. During the 2008
Olympic Games, there were ten thousand primary school students in
Beijing playing the violin together, which was very shocking. At
present, Beijing has more than 10 professional symphony orchestras
and dozens of student symphony orchestras, and its cultural life is
quite active.
3. Establish a school to train professional talents of artistic
violin making
In terms of artistic violin making, China sent two young students
to Mittenwald Violin Making School in Germany for the first time in
1979, and sent me to Cremona International Violin Making School in
Italy in 1983. Hua was sent to Germany to study musical acoustics
at the University of Hamburg and later to study restoration at
Winfried Michael Studio. After returning, we respectively in the
central music institute and Shanghai music institute opened a
violin professionally produced, central academy of music of violin
making professional now, starting from the affiliated high school
of three years study, university of 4 years of undergraduate,
master's 3 years, formed 10 years teaching system and the
production, the production of repair, and bow three professional
direction, has trained nearly 200 students. At present, five music
colleges in China have established violin-making specialties to
train a new generation of violin-makers.
4. Chinese violin-makers participate in international violin-making
competitions
In 1980, Chen Jinnong of Guangdong Musical Instrument Factory won
the "Gold Medal for Sound Quality" in the 4th International Violin
Making Competition in the United States, which was the first gold
medal for Chinese violin makers in the international violin making
competition.
Chen Jinnong won the gold Medal for Sound Quality at the 4th
International Violin Competition in the United States.
In 1982, Xu Fu from Guangdong Musical Instrument Factory won the
double prize of craftsmanship and sound quality in the 5th
International Violin Production Competition in the United States.
In 1983, Dai Hongxiang of Beijing Violin Factory won the gold medal
of sound quality in the Spoor International Violin Making
Competition held in Kassel, Germany.
Many Chinese violin makers eager to participate in various
international violin making competition, almost all the
international violin making competition of the Chinese, they got
very good grades in the game, by joining the international violin
making competition, Chinese violin makers around the world to
learn, to improve the bass level, also let the world see the
progress of the Chinese violin.
5. China Musical Instrument Association violin Maker Branch was
established
China violin Makers association was founded in 2002 in Shanghai
Conservatory of Music. There are 120 members. I am the president
and Mr. Hua is the vice president. The association now has 280
members spread across China.
6. Hold China's International Violin Making Competition
Due to the development of China's violin production, there are more
and more calls to hold international violin production competitions
in China. In May 2009, the Violinist Branch of China Musical
Instrument Association decided to hold the first China
International Violin-making Competition in May 2010 in Beijing. The
first competition saw 274 instruments from 11 countries
participate. The second competition was successfully held in
September 2013. This competition added the content of the bow
competition, 245 producers from 11 countries and regions signed up
for the competition and submitted 399 entries. The third contest
was held in 2016. The competition coincides with the Winiewski
International Violin Competition in Poland, so the number of
foreign players has decreased. But there are still nine countries
and 393 instruments competing. For the three competitions, all the
judges were EILA members. For the third competition, Jan Strick,
the president of our association, was the judge himself. Through
the competition, Chinese violin makers have learned a lot of
valuable knowledge, especially the lectures held during the
competition, so that we can share the valuable experience of
world-class masters.
As you can see, China's violin making history is relatively short
and started late, but through the efforts of all my colleagues and
the help of the international violin making community, we have made
great progress. I hope that our Chinese violin can be integrated
into EILA, the international family, and provide more and better
instruments for the world, so that the world will be filled with
beautiful music