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Introduction of rail gear wheel loader welded connection by bearings 13ton load axles for semi trailer truck
The vehicle axle (also known as the axle) is connected to the frame
(or load-bearing body) through the suspension, and wheels are
installed at both ends. The function of the axle is to bear the
load of the car and maintain the normal driving of the car on the
road.
The axle can be integral, like a huge barbell, and the body is
supported by the suspension system at both ends, so the integral
axle is usually matched with the non-independent suspension; the
axle can also be disconnected, like two Umbrellas are inserted on
both sides of the body, and then each supports the body through the
suspension system, so the disconnected axle is used with the
independent suspension.
According to the different driving methods, the axles are also
divided into four types: steering axles, drive axles, steering
drive axles and support axles. Among them, the steering axle and
the supporting axle belong to the driven axle. Most cars use front
rear drive (FR), so the front axle acts as a steering axle and the
rear axle acts as a drive axle; while in a front-front drive (FF)
car, the front axle becomes the steering drive axle and the rear
axle acts as a support axle.
The structure of the steering axle is basically the same,
consisting of two steering knuckles and a beam. If the beam is
compared to the body, the steering knuckle is his head swaying from
side to side, the neck is what we often call the kingpin, and the
wheels are mounted on the steering knuckle, as if wearing a straw
hat on his head. However, when driving, the straw hat turns, but
the head does not turn. The middle is separated by a bearing, and
the head just sways from side to side. The neck - the kingpin is
the axis of rotation of the wheel. The axis of this axis is not
perpendicular to the ground, and the wheel itself is not vertical.
We will discuss it in detail in the wheel positioning section.
The difference between the steering drive axle and the steering
axle is that everything is hollow, the beam becomes the axle
housing, and the steering knuckle becomes the steering knuckle
housing, because there are more drive shafts inside. This
driveshaft becomes two half shafts because it is divided in two by
the differential located in the middle of the axle housing. The two
straw hats are not simply put on the head, but also directly
connected to the two half shafts inside. The half shaft also has
one more joint at the "neck" position - a universal joint, so the
half shaft has also become two parts, the inner half shaft and the
outer half shaft.
According to the structure of the suspension, the axle can be
divided into two types: disconnected and integral. The disconnected
axle is a movable joint structure, which is used in conjunction
with the independent suspension; the middle of the integral axle is
a rigid solid or hollow beam. It is mostly equipped with
non-independent suspension. According to the different movement
modes of the wheels, the axles can be divided into four types:
steering axles, drive axles, steering drive axles and support
axles. Among them, the steering axle and the supporting axle belong
to the driven axle. In general, the front axle of a car is mostly a
steering axle, while the rear axle or the middle and rear axles are
mostly drive axles; the front axle of off-road vehicles or most
cars is both a steering axle and a drive axle, so it is called a
steering drive axle; some single-axle drive axles The middle axle
(or rear axle) of the three-axle vehicle (6×2) is the drive axle,
then the rear axle (or middle axle) is the supporting axle. [1]
steering axle
1) The function uses the swing of the steering knuckle to deflect
the wheel to a certain angle to realize the steering of the car;
bear the vertical load between the wheel and the frame, the
longitudinal road resistance, the braking force and the lateral
force and the moment formed by these forces.
2) Key indicators Due to the complex road conditions, the axle
needs to have a certain stiffness and strength. The steering wheel
has the correct positioning angle and proper steering angle.
Minimize steering wheel mass and frictional resistance to
transmission parts
3) Composition: front axle, steering knuckle, king pin and wheel
hub, etc. Front axle: The cross section is generally I-shaped. In
order to improve the torsional strength, there is a thickened part
near each end to form a fist shape. There is a through hole in it.
The king pin is inserted into this hole, and the middle part is
bent downward into a concave shape. , its purpose is to lower the
engine position, thereby lowering the center of mass of the car;
expanding the driver's field of vision; reducing the angle between
the transmission shaft and the transmission output shaft. Steering
knuckle: It is the hinge that turns the wheel, it is a fork. The
upper and lower forks have two coaxial holes for installing the
king pin, and the steering knuckle journal is used to install the
wheel. The two ears of the pin hole on the steering knuckle are
connected with the fist-shaped parts at both ends of the front axle
through the king pin, so that the front wheel can deflect a certain
angle around the king pin to turn the car. Kingpin: The function is
to articulate the front axle and the steering knuckle, so that the
steering knuckle swings around the kingpin to realize the steering
of the wheel. A groove is cut in the middle of the kingpin, and the
kingpin fixing bolt is used to match the groove on it during
installation to fix the kingpin in the fist-shaped hole of the
front axle. The king pin and the pin hole on the steering knuckle
are in dynamic fit to realize the steering hub: the wheel hub is
supported on the journal at the outer end of the steering knuckle
through two tapered roller bearings. The tightness of the bearing
can be adjusted by adjusting the nut (installed on the outer end of
the bearing).
Drive axle
1. The function of the drive axle: It transmits the driving force
from the engine to the driving wheels to achieve the effect of
reducing speed and increasing torque, and at the same time changing
the direction of power transmission. 2. The composition of the
drive axle It is composed of the main reducer, the differential,
the half shaft and the axle housing. 3. The difference between the
installation position and structure of the drive axle of FF and FR
FF: the clutch, transmission, main reducer, differential, and drive
axle components are all installed in the transmission housing,
located in the front of the car, and the power is transmitted to
the front wheels . FR: The final reducer, differential, and drive
axle components are installed in the drive axle housing, located at
the rear of the car, and the power is transmitted to the rear
wheels.
Steering drive axle
1. Function: It has two functions of steering and driving. It not
only has the basic components of the general drive axle, but also
has the unique king pin of the steering axle.
2. The structure of the steering drive axle not only has the main
reducer, differential and half shafts that the general drive axle
has, but also has the steering knuckle shell, king pin and wheel
hub that the general steering axle has. Compared with the separate
drive axle and steering axle, the difference is that the half shaft
required for steering is divided into two sections, namely the
inner half shaft (connected with the differential) and the outer
half shaft (connected with the wheel hub). connection), the two are
connected by a constant angular velocity joint. At the same time,
the main bridge is also divided into two sections, the upper and
lower sections, which are respectively fixed on the spherical
bearings of the universal joint. The knuckle journal is made hollow
so that the outer half shaft can pass through it. The connecting
fork of the steering knuckle is a spherical steering knuckle
housing, which not only meets the needs of steering, but also
adapts to the force transmission of the steering knuckle. Steering
drive axles are widely used in all-wheel drive off-road vehicles
3. The working process of the steering drive axle is driven: the
middle of the axle is equipped with a final reducer and a
differential. The inner half shaft and the outer half shaft are
connected together by a constant angular velocity universal joint,
and the end of the outer half shaft is provided with a flower rod,
which is engaged with the flange of the half shaft. When the front
axle is driven, the torque is transmitted from the final reducer
and differential to the inner half shaft, universal joint, outer
half shaft and half shaft flange, and finally to the hub to drive
the wheel to rotate. Steering: The steering knuckle is bolted
together by the steering knuckle journal and the steering knuckle
housing. The steering knuckle journal is equipped with two wheel
hub bearings to support the wheel hub; the inner hole wall of the
steering knuckle journal is press-fitted with a bushing to support
the outer half shaft. The upper and lower ends of the steering
knuckle shell are respectively equipped with the upper and lower
thickened parts of the upper and lower king pins, and are stopped
by stop pins. After the grease is injected from the upper and lower
oil nozzles, it enters the central oil passage of the king pin
respectively, and then comes out from the two side holes and enters
between the king pin and the bushing to achieve lubrication. When
the car is turning, the steering straight rod pulls the steering
knuckle arm to drive the steering knuckle to swing around the king
pin, and the steering wheel can be deflected accordingly, thereby
realizing the steering of the car.
support bridge
The supporting bridge belongs to the driven bridge. For
single-axle-driven three-axle vehicles, the rear axle is designed
to support the axle. The axle on the trailer is also the support
axle. The rear axle of the front-drive car with the engine also
belongs to the support axle.
maintenance
Routine maintenance and maintenance of axles
(1) Before running the vehicle, check whether the external
connecting bolts of the axle are loose, whether the axle is leaking
oil, whether the wheel hub and the reducer assembly are abnormal,
etc.
(2) Mandatory maintenance of axles:
A: Compulsory maintenance should be carried out between 3000-5000km
of vehicle driving, depending on the working conditions.
B: The first maintenance contents include: changing lubricating
oil, gear oil, checking the toe-in of the front axle, adjusting the
brake clearance, etc., checking the fasteners, etc.
(3) Regular maintenance of axles:
A: Regular maintenance is performed every 10,000km after the first
maintenance.
B: The contents of regular maintenance include: replacing the
lubricating oil, tightening the fasteners, checking the toe-in,
checking the wear degree of the brake pads, if the wear limit is
reached, it should be replaced in time and the brake clearance
should be adjusted, and the reducer assembly should be checked. ,
and whether the gap between the main and driven gears and the
passive gear is too large, whether the gear oil exceeds the use
efficiency, if there is a similar situation, the gap should be
adjusted and the grease should be replaced in time
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