Pioneer Technology Co.,ltd |
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Composition:
Contains per bolus.:
Albendazole......................................................150
mg Carriere ad 6g
Albendazole......................................................600
mg Carriere ad 6g
Albendazole......................................................1000
mg Carriere ad 6g
Pharmacology
Levamisole is an imidazothiazole that acts by interfering with
parasite nerve transmission causing muscular paralysis. It
stimulates the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in
susceptible worms. At higher levels, levamisole interferes with
nematode carbohydrate metabolism by blocking fumarate reduction and
succinate oxidation. The net effect is a paralyzing effect on the
worm which is then expelled alive. Levamisole's effects are
considered to be nicotine-like in action.
Pharmacokinetics
Levamisole is absorbed from the gut after oral dosing and through
the skin after dermal application, although bioavailabilities are
variable. It is reportedly distributed throughout the body.
Levamisole is primarily metabolized with less than 6% excreted
unchanged in the urine. Plasma elimination half-lives have been
determined for several veterinary species: Cattle 4-6 hours; Dogs
1.8-4 hours; and Swine 3.5-6.8 hours. Metabolites are excreted in
both the urine (primarily) and feces.
Indications
Levamisole is indicated for the treatment of many nematodes in
cattle, sheep & goats, swine, poultry. In sheep and cattle,
levamisole has relatively good activity against abomasal nematodes,
small intestinal nematodes (not particularly good against
Strongyloides spp.), large intestinal nematodes (not Trichuris
spp.), and lungworms. Adult forms of species that are usually
covered by levamisole, include: Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus
spp., Osteragia spp., Cooperia spp., Nematodirus spp., Bunostomum
spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Chabertia spp., and Dictyocaulus
vivapurus. Levamisole is less effective against the immature forms
of these parasites and is generally ineffective in cattle (but not
sheep) against arrested larval forms.
In swine, levamisole is indicated for the treatment of Ascaris
suum, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides, Stephanurus, and
Metastrongylus.
Levamisole has been used in dogs as a microfilaricide to treat
Dirofilaria immitis infection.
Contraindications/PrecautionsLevamisole is contraindicated in lactating animals. It should be used cautiously, if at all, in animals that are severely debilitated, or have significant renal or hepatic impairment. Use cautiously or, preferably, delay use in cattle that are stressed due to vaccination, dehorning or castration. There is no information regarding the safety of this drug in pregnant animals. Although levamisole is considered relatively safe to use in large animals that are pregnant, use only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Adverse Effects/Warnings
Adverse effects that may be seen in cattle can include
muzzle-foaming or hypersalivation, excitement or trembling,
lip-licking and head shaking. These effects are generally noted
with higher than recommended doses or if levamisole is used
concomitantly with organophosphates. Symptoms generally subside
within 2 hours. When injecting into cattle, swelling may occur at
the injection site. This will usually abate in 7-14 days, but may
be objectionable in animals that are close to slaughter.
In sheep, levamisole may cause a transient excitability in some
animals after dosing. In goats, levamisole may cause depression,
hyperesthesia and salivation.
In swine, levamisole may cause salivation or muzzle foaming. Swine
infected with lungworms may develop coughing or vomiting.
Adverse effects that may be seen in dogs include GI disturbances
(usually vomiting, diarrhea), neurotoxicity (panting, shaking,
agitation or other behavioral changes), agranulocytosis, dyspnea,
pulmonary edema, immune-mediated skin eruptions (erythroedema,
erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis) and lethargy.
Adverse effects seen in cats include hypersalivation, excitement,
mydriasis and vomiting.
Dosage and Administration
For oral administration. The general dosage is 5-7.5 mg Levamisole
per kg bodyweight.
For more specific details relating to each bolus, see table below.
Bolus Dosage
150mg 1 bolus per 25kg body weight
600mg 1 bolus per 100kg body weight
1000mg 1 bolus per 150kg body weight
Withdrawal PeriodCattle (meat & offal): 5 daysSheep (meat & offal): 5
daysNot to be used in animals producing milk for human consumption.
Storage
The recommended maximum storage temperature is 30℃.Warning:Keep out
of reach of children